Situation Update 104                                           December 7, 2011
Civil-Military Relations: Theories to Practices
Bishnu Pathak, PhD*
Surendra Uprety**

Abstract


Since its establishment, the United Nations has become a formidable force toward disarmament, demobilization, reinsertion, repatriation, resettlement, rehabilitation, and (re)integration (DDRRRRR) (Pathak: September 13, 2011:3) or disarmament, demobilization, and (re)integration (DDR) of the armed/military forces and the right sizing of military and armed forces as a whole. Advocating Civil Military Relations (CMR), Huntington developed the objective of civilian control theory, encouraging professionalism of the forces and subjective control for the autonomous run of their institution. Janowitz tried to minimize the difference between objective and subjective controls by defending military effectiveness and democratic civilian control, whereas Haltiner pursued political-military theory on the basis of civil, military, and

Situation Update 103                                                        

September 13, 2011
Women and DDR in the World
Bishnu Pathak, PhD*

The paper provides an overview of the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) practices existing in the world. It researches when and for what purposes the United Nations initiate DDR programs in post-conflict countries. It examines the scale and consequences of the various roles of ex-combatants, particularly the women ex-combatants in a transitional society. It aims to compare and explore some of the best and worst practices of DDR and militarized masculinity before, during, and after the violence. Secondary literatures mostly draw on to learn from yesterday, analyze to live for today, and encourage to hope for tomorrow
 

Situation Update 102

June 13, 2011

Bishnu Pathak, PhD

Citizen-Centric Policing (CCP) or Neighborhood Policing (NP) is radar of Community Policing (CP).  The CP is a policing practice that aims to increase interaction between citizens and police officials for public safety and quality of life in the community (Wycoff: 1994).  It is more than tactics, strategy, and technique (Trojanowicz: 1998).  It has become the national mantra to spring up in urban, suburban, and even rural police departments (Greene: 2000) or police stations.  The CP promises to change relationships progressively to improve the living conditions of neighborhoods (Eck and Rosenbaum: 1994).  It is a panacea for crime (Friedmann: 1996) or reducing crime in the community.

The US agenda of crime control includes a visible place for CP and its derivatives (Skolnick and Bayley: 1988) overcoming resistance of subculture of the police (Skolnick: 1966) on endangerment, authority, and efficiency.  It is a shifting of departments toward community and problem-oriented policing from traditional practices (Goldstein: 1990).  The CP fully complies with human rights standards, integrating law enforcement philosophy, and transforming self-centered to service-centered (community-centered) behavioral practices of the police.

Situation Update 101

May 13, 2011

Bishnu Pathak, PhD

The burgeoning Chinese, In¬dian and Pakistani influence raises alarm in transitional Nepal which has an open border with both China and India. India encircles it from three sides east, west and south with a 1,751 km long largely porous border, unmarked and unguarded, whereas China lies to the north with 1,414 km of inac¬cessible border. It is not possible to cross this border owing to elevation of snowy mountains and tight secu¬rity on the Chinese side. The recent Nepal(Nepo)-India cross border opening has been an ideal conduit for al¬leged spies. Nepal has also been a favorable terrain for smuggling il¬legal goods, arms and ammunition, counterfeit currency notes, Free Ti¬bet literature, etc. Nepal, India and China have been close neighbors for a long time indeed.